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You were using Borland's library with some graphics routines that worked in DOS. Standard C and C++ libraries don't provide anything like that.

To contenue what jacek said, you need a graphics library (or write your own ) to use graphics.
The question is also, what do you mean with graphics, since anything which has a window under a windowing system like X or windows, is already graphic by definition, therefore QT is a such a graphics library.

I remember those good ol' times too: using Borland's BGI interface to simple draw lines and stuff, but that was under DOS.
Now in Linux you have two main possibilities: using the framebuffer device or using a X server
Framebuffer has lower system requirements and there are a lot of windowing toolkits and widget libraries available (e.g. DirectFB or QT/embedded) or you can 'poke' it in directly
On X system you can use X, QT & KDE, Motif and lots more to create a canvas to draw something
Finishing this you will have a lot of overhead to get some simple graphics working.
Or, if this is sufficient you can use AALib on a text console...

There is also the curses library that provides some graphical primitives.